Indiana has a lengthy and troubled history marked by racism, segregation, and discrimination. Since its inception, the state has grappled with discriminatory practices, such as the original constitution barring people of color from settling.
The 20th century witnessed the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, contributing to a hostile environment for many people of color. Sundown towns, deliberately all-white communities, proliferated in Indiana, using signs, laws, threats, and violence to exclude people of color, particularly African Americans. James Loewen’s research highlights Indiana’s concentration of sundown towns, which numbered in the hundreds, notably impacting the Midwest.
The Notorious Case of San Pierre
Loewen’s findings point to San Pierre in Starke County as the city with the highest number of KKK organizations per capita in Indiana. With approximately 150 residents, San Pierre had 0.0111 KKK organizations per person, earning it the nickname “the little Klan town.” Instituting a sundown policy as early as 1890, San Pierre remains overwhelmingly white today at 98.7%, with a disturbing lack of Black residents. Recent hate crimes, including cross burnings and displays of racist symbols, underscore the enduring impact of San Pierre’s racist history on its present-day community.
Ongoing Repercussions and Challenges
Sundown towns like San Pierre leave a lasting imprint on Indiana’s social, economic, and political fabric. These communities contribute to contemporary racial segregation and inequality by limiting opportunities and fostering fear and hostility.
The legacy of sundown towns influences political attitudes, contributing to the support of conservative and racist candidates and policies. Beyond affecting people of color, sundown towns negatively impact the well-being and opportunities of white residents. Lower levels of education, income, and health are associated with these communities, highlighting the broader societal costs of racism and segregation.
Combating Sundown Towns and Racism
Addressing sundown towns and racism requires collective and individual efforts:
- Education: Learn about the history of sundown towns and racism through resources like James Loewen’s book or website, which provides a comprehensive list of sundown towns in Indiana and other states.
- Advocacy: Speak out against racism, report hate crimes, support anti-racist organizations, participate in protests, and demand accountability from elected officials.
- Diversity and Inclusion: Connect with people from different backgrounds, challenge biases, and expose yourself to diverse perspectives. Celebrate and embrace diversity in all aspects of life.
- Self-Reflection: Examine personal biases, confront stereotypes, and correct racist comments or jokes within your social circles.
- Promote Diversity: Support businesses, arts, and causes that promote diversity and multiculturalism.
In confronting sundown towns and racism, we have the power to create a more just, inclusive, and prosperous society for everyone.